Alzheimer’s disease and related dementias involve progressive disruption of biological organization across molecular, cellular, neuronal, vascular, structural, and functional levels. Observable readouts such as MRI-derived atrophy, PET signal, CSF or plasma biomarkers, cognitive scores, voltage traces, spike trains, calcium signals, and field outputs represent projections of a deeper biological state rather than the complete biological system. Neuronal activity is commonly represented through observable signals such as membrane potential, spike trains, calcium readouts, phase trajectories, and field projections. However, these readouts do not represent the complete biological state of the neuron. A neuron also includes hidden electrophysiological, molecular, structural, transport, thermal, wave, synaptic, and evidence-gated biological layers. In Bansal Neuron Model, neuron is represented as a stratified hidden-state system rather than a single vector or single complex-number model.

 

Keywords: Alzheimer’s disease, related dementias, neurodegeneration, neuron, clinical software, SaMD, Bansal model, BVidAL, geometry-based tracking, Bansal Bio frameworks, Bansal algebra, eleven pillars