The environment has been exposed and subjected to the increase of global energy usage and

unwanted release of pollutants. The health and economical risks caused by the environmental

pollutants have attracted several studies unfolding and assessing the pollution threat. Despite

several efforts, the detection techniques of harmful chlorine-based pollutants are hardly

available in developing countries, especially Namibia due to their high cost and maintenance.

Electrochemical sensors are reliable for quantitative and qualitative detection of harmful

environmental pollutants, such as volatile organic compounds (VOCs). This study aimed at the

electrochemical evaluation of synthesized sensing materials, namely Polyaniline (PANI) and Tin

(IV) oxide nanoparticles (SnO₂ NPs), for the detection of chloroform, free chlorine, and

polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). The synthesis of polymeric materials (Polyaniline (PANI) and

Tin (IV) oxide nanoparticles ( SnO2 NPs ) was conducted both by chemical oxidative

polymerization and electrochemical polymerization. Tin (IV) oxide nanoparticles (SnO₂ NPs)

were incorporated into the polymer matrix to form PANI/SnO₂ nanocomposites. Various

characterization techniques such as, Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA), Fourier-transform

Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Ultraviolet Visible

Spectroscopy (UV-Vis), were employed for analysis of the synthesized sensing materials.

Positive identification of functional groups for the sensing materials was achieved with

excellent conductivity properties suitable for chemical sensors development. The sensors were

fabricated using both glassy carbon electrodes (GCE) and screen-printed electrodes (SPE),

modified with the synthesized materials. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) was employed to investigate

the electrochemical behavior of the sensors toward the selected analytes. Parameters such as

sensitivity, limit of detection, linearity, and stability were assessed.The results confirmed the

applicability of the synthesized materials in electrochemical sensing, with PANI/(SnO2 NPs)-

modified electrodes showing enhanced performance characteristics.