ABO blood group antigens are expressed on red blood cell membranes and also on the surface of other human cells and tissues. A substantial body of evidence links ABO antigens with the pathogenesis of various systemic diseases, particularly Cardiovascular Diseases (CVD). In vivo animal studies indicate a relevant role of the ABO locus in neurogenesis of sensory cells. Thus, the ABO blood system may induce potential (coagulation-related) modulatory effects on relevant dementia risk pathways including CVD. The putative biological susceptibility associated with the ABO system could interact with multidimensional exposome factors including physical, social and economic indicators, which are increasingly recognized as key but underexplored drivers of human health.

This is the first cross-continental study on the interaction between the ABO And Rh blood group phenotypes and multidimensional exposome including physical, social and economic indicators. The findings assess the critical need for scalable and cost-effective population-level dementia risk prediction models to inform public health policies and intervention strategies, particularly in low-income Global South regions facing a projected rise in dementia prevalence.